Prevalence of psychoactive substance use by adolescents in public schools in a municipality in the São Paulo Metropolitan Area, Brazil / Prevalência do uso de substâncias psicoativas por adolescentes em escolas públicas de um município da Região Metropolitana de São Paulo, Brasil / Prevalencia de consumo de sustancias psicoactivas en adolescentes en escuelas públicas de un municipio de la Región Metropolitana de São Paulo, Brasil

This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of psychoactive substance use by adolescents from public schools. This is a cross-sectional study that used a random sample of adolescents from five public schools located in a municipality in the central-west region of the São Paulo Metropolitan Area, Brazil. Information on demographic, socioeconomic, and drug use was collected using self-report questionnaires. The sample consisted of 1,460 students, 716 (49%) males, aged 10-19 years (13.19±2.04 years). The prevalence of psychoactive substance use in the last month was 51% for analgesics; 48.8% for alcohol; 37.3% for tobacco; 30.8% for tranquilizers; 23.1% for marijuana; 22.6% for anabolic steroids; 21.6% for ecstasy; 15.3% for amphetamines/stimulants; 13.4% for phencyclidine; 12.9% for cocaine/crack; 12.6% for inhalants/solvents; 11.5% for opiates; 11.4% for hallucinogens; and 16.2% for other unclassified drugs. Elementary and middle school students were more likely to consume tobacco (OR = 2.306; 95%CI: 1.733-3.068; p < 0.001), and male students were more likely to consume any type of substance. We identified a high use of psychoactive substances among this study participants, with a higher prevalence among male students.

O objetivo foi estimar a prevalência de uso de substâncias psicoativas por adolescentes de escolas públicas. Trata-se de um estudo transversal com uma amostra aleatória de adolescentes de cinco escolas públicas localizadas em um município da zona centro-oeste da Região Metropolitada de São Paulo, Brasil. Informações sobre as características demográficas, socioeconômicas e de uso de drogas foram coletadas por meio de questionários autorreferidos. A amostra foi composta por 1.460 estudantes, sendo 716 (49%) meninos, com idade entre 10 e 19 anos (13,19±2,04 anos). A prevalência de uso de substâncias psicoativas no último mês foi de 51,0% para analgésicos; álcool 48,8%; tabaco 37,3%; tranquilizantes 30,8%; maconha 23,1%; esteroides anabolizantes 22,6%; ecstasy 21,6%; anfetaminas/estimulantes 15,3%; fenciclidina 13,4%; cocaína/crack 12,9%; inalantes/solventes 12,6%; opiáceos 11,5%; alucinógenos 11,4%; e outras drogas não classificadas 16,2%. Alunos do Ensino Fundamental foram mais propensos a consumir tabaco (OR = 2,306; IC95%: 1,733-3,068; p < 0,001), e os estudantes do sexo masculino foram mais propensos a consumir qualquer tipo de substância. Identificou-se um alto uso de substâncias psicoativas entre os participantes deste estudo, com maior prevalência entre os estudantes do sexo masculino.

El objetivo de este estudio fue estimar la prevalencia de consumo de sustancias psicoactivas por adolescentes de escuelas públicas brasileñas. Se trata de un estudio transversal, realizado con una muestra aleatoria de adolescentes de cinco escuelas públicas, ubicadas en una ciudad de la región centro-oeste de la Región Metropolitana de São Paulo, Brasil. La información sobre las características demográficas, socioeconómicas y de consumo de drogas se recabó de cuestionarios autoinformados. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 1.460 estudiantes; 716 (49%) de los cuales eran varones, con edades entre 10 y 19 años (13,19±2,04 años). La prevalencia de consumo de sustancias psicoactivas en el último mes fue: para analgésicos 51%; alcohol 48,8%; tabaco 37,3%; tranquilizantes 30,8%; marihuana 23,1%; esteroides anabólicos 22,6%; éxtasis 21,6%; anfetaminas/estimulantes 15,3%; fenciclidina 13,4%; cocaína/crack 12,9%; inhalantes/disolventes 12,6%; opiáceos 11,5%; alucinógenos 11,4%; y otras drogas no clasificadas 16,2%. Los estudiantes de primaria fueron los más propensos a consumir tabaco (OR = 2,306; IC95%: 1,733-3,068; p < 0,001), y los varones los más propensos a consumir cualquier tipo de sustancia. Se identificó un alto consumo de sustancias psicoactivas entre los participantes, con mayor prevalencia entre los estudiantes del sexo masculino.

Gender and Tobacco Consumption among University Students.

In 2019, an estimated 155 million people aged between 15 and 24 were smokers. It is also known that 82.6% of current smokers started smoking between 14 and 25 years old. Tobacco uses in adolescents and young adults can lead to the development of serious and potentially life-threatening health problems. The aim of the present investigation is to identify and describe the practices related to the consumption of tobacco products and their distribution according to gender among students at the University of Algarve. This is an exploratory, cross-sectional study with a quantitative approach. For inferential statistics, a non-parametric analysis (χ2) was performed. The sample consisted of 326 university students, 75.5% female, with an average age of 26.03 years. In this sample, 45% of men and 57.7% of women reported never having smoked. In male students, the pattern of combined consumption is more frequent, with female students preferring conventional cigarettes. Statistically significant differences were found between genders for the pattern of tobacco consumption, the number of colleagues/peers who smoke, the opinion about tobacco-free outdoor spaces and the knowledge about new forms of tobacco/nicotine consumption. The university campus is identified by students as the second space where they most consume tobacco products and where they are most exposed to tobacco smoke. This fact forces a reflection on the strategies to be implemented to develop a healthier university.

Consumo de productos de tabaco y factores asociados en mujeres en Antioquia, Colombia / Tobacco product use and associated factors among women in Antioquia, Colombia

Resumen Introducción: El uso del tabaco en mujeres está aumentando significativamente a pesar de los alarmantes peligros para la salud. Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia y factores asociados al consumo de tabaco en mujeres del departamento de Antioquia, Colombia. Materiales y métodos: Estudio descriptivo transversal, con una muestra representativa de mujeres mayores de 18 años en las nueve subregiones del departamento, se utilizó un muestreo probabilístico multietápico, estratificado por región. Resultados: De 4377 mujeres, 10,8% eran fumadoras, 13,1% exfumadoras, y 75,9% nunca habían fumado. Variables relacionadas con mayor reporte de tabaquismo: tener más de 45 años (OR=3,2, IC 2,6-3,9); no tener educación o primaria incompleta (OR=2,2, IC 1,5-3,1), secundaria incompleta (OR=1,5, IC 1,1-2,2), consumir licor (OR=2,3, IC 1,9-2,7), no consumir verduras (OR=1,4, IC 1,02,0), no consumir frutas (OR=1,6, IC 1,2-2,1). Variables relacionadas con menor reporte de tabaquismo: estar casada (OR=0,6, IC 0,5-0,8), y vivir en algunas de las subregiones. Conclusiones: Se evidencia la importancia de programas enfocados a prevenir el consumo de productos nuevos como el cigarrillo electrónico, especialmente en población joven.

Abstract Introduction: Tobacco use among women is increasing significantly despite alarming health hazards. Objective: To determine the prevalence and factors associated with tobacco consumption in women from the department of Antioquia, Colombia. Material and methods: Cross-sectional descriptive study, with a representative sample of women over 18 years of age in the nine subregions of the department, using multistage probabilistic sampling, stratified by region. Results: Of the 4,377 women, 10.8% were smokers, 13.1% were ex-smokers, and 75.9% were women who had never smoked. Variables related to the highest reported smokers: having more than 45 years of age (OR=3.2, CI 2.6-3.9); not having an education or an incomplete primary education (OR=2.2, IC 1.5-3.1), incomplete secondary education (OR=1.5, CI 1.1-2.2), consuming liquor (OR=2.3, CI 1.9-2.7), not consuming vegetables (OR=1.4, IC 1.0-2.0), not consuming fruit (OR=1,6, CI 1,2-2,1). Variables related to less reported smoking: being married (OR=0.6, CI 0.5-0.8) and living in some of the subregions. Conclusions: The importance of programs focused on preventing the consumption of new products such as e-cigarettes is evident, especially in young people.

Factores familiares de riesgo de consumo de sustancias psicoactivas en estudiantes de una institución de educación media técnica de Colombia / Household risk factors for consumption of psychoactive substances in students of a technical education institution in Colombia

RESUMEN Objetivo El presente estudio busca determinar los factores de riesgo familiar que inciden en el consumo de sustancias psicoactivas (SPA), en estudiantes de la Institución Educativa Técnica San Luís Gonzaga del corregimiento de Chicoral. Metodología Esta investigación es de tipo cuantitativo, descriptivo y transversal. La recolección de la información se realizó aplicando la "Encuesta Internacional para estudiantes de enseñanza media; cuestionario estandarizado-Versión 2009 de Argentina. El procesamiento de la información se llevó a cabo en la base de datos, del paquete estadístico SPSS versión 19. Resultados Las sustancias psicoactivas consumidas por los estudiantes son: alcohol, cigarrillo, marihuana, estimulantes, energizantes, tranquilizantes y otras; ocupando el alcohol el primer lugar, seguido del cigarrillo, dentro de las sustancias lícitas; la marihuana ocupa el primer lugar. La edad de inicio para el consumo de Sustancias Psicoactivas se da entre los 8 y los 13 años y las edades de mayor consumo son entre los 15 y los 17 años. No hay una diferencia significativa entre hombres y mujeres. La casa propia, la de los amigos, el colegio y sus alrededores son los ambientes que se identifican como aquellos donde se ofrecen el mayor número de SPA. Conclusiones La familia juega un papel primordial en los adolescentes y en la prevención frente al consumo de Sustancias psicoactiva; modificando acciones que lleven al conocimiento de los hijos, actividades que realizan, lugares que frecuentan y amigos con los cuales se relacionan, se pueden establecer mecanismos de control que permitan estar más cerca de ellos.(AU)

ABSTRACT Objective To determine household risk factors that have an impact on the use of psychoactive substances (SPA, by its acronym in Spanish) by students of the technical educational institution San Luis Gonzaga in Chicoral, Tolima (Colombia). Methodology This is a quantitative, descriptive and cross-sectional study. Data were collected by applying the International survey for middle school students - standardized questionnaire, 2009, Argentinian version. The processing of the information was done through the statistical data base package SPSS version 19. Results The most common psychoactive substances consumed by students are alcohol, cigarettes, marijuana, stimulants, energizing pills or drinks, tranquilizers and others. The list of legal substances is led by alcohol, followed by cigarettes, while the most used illegal substance is marijuana. The age of initiation ranges between 8 and 13, with the highest prevalence between 15 and 17. There are no significant differences between males and females. The family, friends and school environments are the most common places for SPA consumption. Conclusions The family plays an important role in the teenager's life and in the prevention against the use of SPA, by playing an active role in the knowledge of children's activities, the places they frequent and their friends, in order to establish control mechanism to build a strong relationship.(AU)

Implications of raising cigarette excise taxes in Peru / Efectos de aumentar los impuestos indirectos sobre tabaco en el Perú

ABSTRACT Objective To assess how raising cigarette excise taxes in Peru might impact cigarette consumption, and to determine if higher taxes would be regressive. Methods Total demand price elasticity was estimated by income groups using two datasets: quarterly time-series data from 1993 – 2012 and data from a cross-sectional survey of income and expenses conducted in 2008 – 2009 . A functional form of the cigarette demand in Peru was specified using the quarterly data set, and the demand price elasticity was estimated for the short and long run. Using the second data set and Deaton methodology, the implementation of elasticity estimation and by groups’ elasticity was done in a two-step procedure. Results Demand price elasticity was −0.7, implying that a 10% price increase via a new tax would reduce consumption by 7%. Demand price elasticity estimations by income group suggested that poorer families are not more price sensitive than richer ones, which implies that increasing cigarette taxes could be regressive. Conclusions Increasing cigarette taxes is the most efficient policy for inducing a reduction in smoking. However, in the case of Peru, an increase in cigarette taxes could be regressive.

RESUMEN Objetivo Examinar los efectos que podría tener un aumento de los impuestos indirectos sobre el tabaco en el Perú sobre el consumo de cigarrillos y determinar si el alza de los impuestos tendría un efecto regresivo. Métodos La elasticidad de la demanda total en función del precio se determinó, por grupos de ingreso, a partir de dos conjuntos de datos: datos trimestrales de series cronológicas para el período de 1993 al 2012 y datos obtenidos en una encuesta transversal de ingresos y gastos para el período del 2008 al 2009. El tipo de función matemática que capta la demanda de cigarrillos en el Perú se determinó a partir de los datos trimestrales; la elasticidad de la demanda en función del precio se calculó tanto para el corto como para el largo plazo. El segundo conjunto de datos y el método de Deaton se usaron para calcular en dos pasos la elasticidad y la elasticidad por grupos. Resultados La elasticidad de la demanda en función del precio fue de -0,7. Esto implica que un aumento de precio de 10% por efecto de un impuesto nuevo reduciría el consumo en 7%. Los cálculos de la elasticidad de la demanda en función del precio por grupos de ingreso revelaron que las familias más pobres no reaccionan más a los cambios de precio que las familias más prósperas, o sea, que un aumento de los impuestos sobre el tabaco podría tener un efecto regresivo. Conclusiones El aumento de los impuestos sobre el tabaco es la política más eficiente para reducir el tabaquismo. Sin embargo, en el caso del Perú dicho aumento podría tener consecuencias regresivas.

Prevalencia y factores asociados al consumo de cigarrillo en estudiantes de noveno, décimo y undécimo grado en una institución educativa de la localidad de Usaquén, Bogotá, Colombia / Prevalence and associated factors in cigarette consumption of students of ninth, tenth and eleventh Grade in an educational institution of Usaquen, Bogotá, Colombia

Objetivo. Determinar la prevalencia del consumo de cigarrillo en adolescentes de una institución educativa de la localidad de Usaquén en el año 2012. Materiales y métodos. Se llevó a cabo un estudio de corte transversal en una población de estudiantes de grados noveno, décimo y undécimo de una institución educativa de la localidad de Usaquén; el tipo de muestreo fue no probabilístico y la muestra estuvo conformada por 198 estudiantes. El instrumento de recolección tuvo en cuenta las características sociodemográficas, la prevalencia y los factores asociados al consumo de cigarrillo. Resultados. El grupo estuvo conformado por 198 estudiantes con predominio del sexo femenino con el 57,1 % (n=113); la edad promedio fue de 15,2 ± 0,94 años con un mínimo de 14 y un máximo de 19 años. La prevalencia de consumo de alguna vez en la vida fue del 52 % (IC95% 45,04 %-58,96 %). Los factores asociados al consumo de cigarrillo fueron el tener un familiar fumador con una razón de prevalencia (RP) de 1,36 (IC95% 1,00-1,86), tener un amigo fumador con una RP de 2,49 (IC95% 1,53- 4,05), un rendimiento académico menor de 3 con una RP de 3,33 (IC95% 1,59-6,95) y un rendimiento académico de 3,1 a 4,0 con una RP de 2,78 (IC95% 1,48-5,22). Conclusiones. El tener un familiar, un amigo fumador y un rendimiento académico bajo o intermedio están asociados al consumo de cigarrillo. Asimismo, hoy en día no se considera el sexo como un factor que predisponga al consumo de cigarrillos.

Objective: To determine the prevalence of cigarette smoking among adolescents in a State Educational Institution of Usaquén in 2012. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out in a population of students in grades nine, ten and eleven of an educational institution in Usaquen; the sampling type was non-probabilistic, and the simple consisted of 198 students. The survey instrument took into account socio-demographic characteristics, prevalence and factors associated with smoking. Results: The group consisted of 198 students where the female gender was predominant in 57.1% (n=113), the average age was 15.2 ± 0.94 years with a minimum of 14 and a maximum of 19 years. The prevalence of ever in life was 52% (95% CI 45.04% to 58.96%). The factors associated with cigarette smoking were having a relative smoker with a RP 1.36 (95%CI of 1.0-1.86), having a friend smoking with an RP of 2.49 (95% CI 1.53 to 4.05), lower academic performance to 3 with an RP of 3.33 (95% CI 1.59 to 6.95) and academic performance from 3.1 to 4.0 with an RP of 2.78 (95% CI 1.48 to 5.22). Conclusions: Having a family member, a friend smoking, poor academic performance and intermediate is associated with smoking. Also today is not considered gender as a predisposing factor.

Perfil de consumo de outros produtos de tabaco fumado entre estudantes de três cidades brasileiras: há motivo de preocupação? / Smoking of non-cigarette tobacco products by students in three Brazilian cities: should we be worried?

O consumo de outros produtos de tabaco fumado vem crescendo no mundo pelo fato de serem socialmente aceitos e pela crença generalizada de causarem menos dano à saúde do fumante, ajudados também pela globalização das indústrias do tabaco. Recentemente, no Brasil, os profissionais envolvidos com o controle do tabaco atentaram para a importância de monitorar este consumo. Analisaram-se os dados provenientes do Vigescola conduzido, em 2009, em três cidades. As prevalências de uso de outros produtos de tabaco fumado nos últimos 30 dias entre os escolares de 13 a 15 anos foram elevadas em Campo Grande (18,3 por cento; IC95 por cento: 14,4 por cento-22,9 por cento) e São Paulo (22,1 por cento; IC95 por cento: 19,0 por cento-25,6 por cento). Em Vitória, a prevalência encontrada não foi tão alta quanto às demais (4,3 por cento; IC95 por cento: 3,1 por cento-5,7 por cento). Não houve diferenças estatisticamente significativas por sexo. Entre os fumantes, o narguilé se destacou por seu alto consumo. É possível que a queda da prevalência de fumantes de cigarro observada nos últimos anos no Brasil tenha favorecido o uso de outros produtos do tabaco como o narguilé, sobretudo entre estudantes.

Smoking of non-cigarette tobacco products is increasing worldwide because of their high social acceptability, misperceptions about their purported harmlessness, and globalization of the tobacco industry. In Brazil, tobacco control experts have recently focused their attention on the importance of monitoring the use of such products. We analyzed data from the Global Youth Tobacco Survey (2009) in three cities. Prevalence rates of non-cigarette tobacco smoking in the previous 30 days among students 13 to 15 years of age were high in Campo Grande (18.3 percent; 95 percentCI: 14.4 percent-22.9 percent) and São Paulo (22.1 percent; 95 percentCI: 19.0 percent-25.6 percent), while Vitória showed comparatively lower prevalence (4.3 percent; 95 percentCI: 3.1 percent-5.7 percent). No statistical differences were observed in prevalence rates according to gender. Water pipes were the most frequent form of non-cigarette tobacco smoking. The decline in cigarette smoking in Brazil in recent years may have contributed to other forms of tobacco smoking, especially among students.

Tobacco, alcohol and illegal substances: experiences and attitudes among Italian university students / Tabaco, álcool e substâncias ilegais: experiências e posicionamento entre estudantes universitários italianos

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this research was to assess the prevalence of addictive drug use among students of University of Camerino (Italy) and to verify aspects related to substance use in this population. METHODS: The survey was carried out in the form of anonymous questionnaires completed by 345 participants. Chi-square test was used for statistic evaluation. RESULTS: Most students have experienced legal addictive substances: 28.0 percent of participants smoke cigarettes regularly and 23.2 percent of respondents have admitted regular alcohol consumption. In addition, 50.4 percent of subjects have already tried an illegal drug; the most used substance was cannabis (46.7 percent), followed by cocaine (13.3 percent). CONCLUSION: Our results confirmed the increased experimental use of cannabis among young people in Europe and showed a long-term use of drugs, particularly cocaine, among university students.

OBJETIVO: O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar o uso de drogas que causam dependência entre os estudantes da Universidade de Camerino, Italia, e verificar os aspectos relacionados ao uso de substâncias psicoativas nesta população. MÉTODOS: A pesquisa foi realizada por meio de um questionário anônimo composto por 345 participantes selecionados aleatoriamente entre os alunos da universidade. O questionário tem sido utilizado, para esse tipo de estudo na República Tcheca, desde 2002. O teste qui-quadrado foi utilizado para a avaliação estatística dos fatores, conforme o uso da substância. RESULTADOS: A maioria dos alunos entrevistados teve alguma experiência com substâncias legais que causam dependência: 28,0 por cento dos participantes fumam cigarros regularmente e 23,2 por cento dos entrevistados admitiram consumo regular de álcool. Além disso, 50,4 por cento dos indivíduos já experimentaram uma droga ilícita; a substância mais experimentada foi cannabis (46,7 por cento), seguida da cocaína (13,3 por cento). Dos estudantes que experimentaram drogas, 19 por cento admitiram o uso da substância no último mês (cannabis 87,5 por cento). CONCLUSÃO: Nossos resultados confirmam o aumento experimental do uso de drogas cannabis entre os jovens na Europa e revelam um longo tempo de uso de drogas, principalmente de cocaína, entre os estudantes universitários.

Prevalência do consumo de álcool, tabaco e entorpecentes por estudantes de medicina da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais / Prevalence of alcohol, tobacco and psychotropic drug consumption by medical students of the "Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais"

OBJETIVO: Verificar a prevalência do consumo de álcool, tabaco e entorpecentes por estudantes da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais e determinar fatores relacionados a esse consumo. MÉTODOS: Este trabalho foi realizado com estudantes de todos os anos do curso de Medicina, convidados a participar, de forma anônima, respondendo a um questionário autoaplicável, que foi previamente avaliado e adequado à realidade brasileira. Esse questionário foi estruturado com base no World Health Organization's Guidelines for Student Substance Use Survey e consistiu de 25 perguntas relacionadas ao uso de drogas. A comparação das médias foi por teste T de Student e as proporções foram avaliadas usando o teste Qui quadrado. RESULTADOS: Contato com bebidas alcoólicas ocorreu em 85,2 por cento e com tabaco em 16,3 por cento dos entrevistados. Dentre as drogas entorpecentes, a maconha foi consumida por 16,5 por cento, LSD por 6,9 por cento, ansiolíticos por 12 por cento, estimulantes por 7,5 por cento e solventes por 16,8 por cento dos estudantes. Foi raro o consumo de cocaína, crack, opioides, xaropes ou anabolizantes. CONCLUSÃO: A droga mais consumida foi o álcool. Seu uso relacionou-se com o consumo de outras substâncias, sendo que a adesão a drogas ocorreu mais em estudantes solteiros, do sexo masculino, que moram longe da família e não dependem de si para seu sustento ou o de sua família.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of alcohol, tobacco and psychotropic drug consumption by students of the Medical School of the Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil, and to verify aspects related to those addictions. METHODS: This study was carried out with students of all years of the medical course invited to participate anonymously, by answering a self-applied questionnaire which was previously evaluated and adapted to Brazilian reality. It was based upon the World Health Organization's Guidelines for Student Substance Use Survey and included 25 questions about drug addiction. Student's t test and chi-square test were applied to assess differences between the mean and proportions of data. RESULTS: Alcohol and tobacco were the more frequently used by the students, 85.2 percent and 16.3 percent respectively. Among psychotropic drugs, marijuana was reported by 16.5 percent of students, LSD by 6.9 percent, sedatives by 12 percent, amphetamines by 7.5 percent and inhalant substances by 16.8 percent. Cocaine, crack, opiates, anticholinergics and anabolics consumption were rarely mentioned. CONCLUSION: Alcohol was the drug most used and was related to other drug addictions. Drugs were most frequently used by single, male students, who live alone and do not support themselves.